“De” is one of the most common and versatile prepositions in Spanish. It can be challenging for learners because it’s used in many different contexts, often in ways that don’t directly translate to English. Here’s a detailed guide to help you understand and use “de” correctly:
1. Origin or Source
Use “de” to indicate where someone or something comes from. This can refer to a place of birth, production, or origin of information.
- Examples:
- “Soy de España” (I’m from Spain)
- “Vino de Francia” (Wine from France)
- “Noticias de París” (News from Paris)
2. Possession
“De” is used to show ownership or association, often replacing the English possessive ‘s.
- Examples:
- “El libro de Juan” (Juan’s book)
- “Las llaves del coche” (The car keys)
- “La opinión del experto” (The expert’s opinion)
3. Material or Composition
Use “de” to describe what something is made of. This is equivalent to various English constructions using “of,” “made of,” or sometimes just an adjective.
- Examples:
- “Mesa de madera” (Wooden table / Table made of wood)
- “Anillo de oro” (Gold ring / Ring made of gold)
- “Camisa de algodón” (Cotton shirt / Shirt made of cotton)
4. Description or Characteristic
“De” can be used to describe a notable feature or characteristic of a person or thing.
- Examples:
- “Mujer de pelo largo” (Woman with long hair)
- “Hombre de buen corazón” (Man with a good heart)
- “Día de mucho calor” (Very hot day)
5. Time (specific hours)
For telling time, “de” is used to connect the hour with the part of the day.
- Examples:
- “10 de la noche” (10 at night / 10 p.m.)
- “6 de la mañana” (6 in the morning / 6 a.m.)
- “3 de la tarde” (3 in the afternoon / 3 p.m.)
6. Part of a Whole
“De” is used when referring to a portion or part of something larger.
- Examples:
- “Mitad de la torta” (Half of the cake)
- “Tres de mis amigos” (Three of my friends)
- “20% de la población” (20% of the population)
7. Cause
“De” can indicate the cause or reason for an action or state, often translating to “from” or “with” in English.
- Examples:
- “Lloró de alegría” (Cried from/with joy)
- “Temblaba de frío” (Shaking from cold)
- “Gritó de miedo” (Screamed in fear)
Remember: While these categories cover many uses of “de,” they’re not exhaustive. As you encounter “de” in various contexts, pay attention to how it’s used. With practice, you’ll develop an intuitive sense of when and how to use this versatile preposition in Spanish.