Time clauses are essential building blocks in Spanish that help you express when actions happen in relation to each other. Once you grasp these concepts, you’ll be able to create more sophisticated and precise sentences.
Basic Time Clauses
The most common time clause connector is “cuando” (when). Here’s how it works:
- “Te llamaré cuando llegue a casa” – I’ll call you when I get home
- “Cuando era niño, vivía en Madrid” – When I was a child, I lived in Madrid
Notice how the verb tense changes based on whether you’re talking about the past, present, or future.
Key Time Connectors
- Antes de que (Before) This connector always requires the subjunctive mood:
- “Quiero terminar antes de que llueva” – I want to finish before it rains
- “Salimos antes de que cerrara la tienda” – We left before the store closed
- Después de que (After)
- “Después de que terminé la universidad, empecé a trabajar” – After I finished university, I started working
- “Después de que llegues, podemos cenar” – After you arrive, we can have dinner
- Mientras (While) Used for simultaneous actions:
- “Leo mientras viajo en tren” – I read while I travel by train
- “Mientras dormías, preparé el desayuno” – While you were sleeping, I prepared breakfast
Special Considerations
- Future Time Clauses When referring to future events, you must use the subjunctive after “cuando”:
- “Cuando vayas a París, visita la Torre Eiffel” – When you go to Paris, visit the Eiffel Tower
- “Te lo diré cuando lo sepa” – I’ll tell you when I know it
- Past Time Clauses Use the indicative for completed past actions:
- “Cuando vivía en España, comía paella cada domingo” – When I lived in Spain, I ate paella every Sunday
- Duration with “Hasta que” (Until)
- “Esperaré hasta que vuelvas” – I’ll wait until you return
- “Estudió hasta que aprobó el examen” – He studied until he passed the exam
Advanced Time Expressions
- Tan pronto como (As soon as)
- “Te llamaré tan pronto como llegue” – I’ll call you as soon as I arrive
- Cada vez que (Every time)
- “Cada vez que te veo, me alegro” – Every time I see you, I’m happy
- En cuanto (The moment that)
- “En cuanto salga el sol, iremos a la playa” – The moment the sun comes out, we’ll go to the beach
Conclusion
Time clauses are fundamental tools that add precision and sophistication to your Spanish expressions. By mastering these structures, you’ll be able to clearly communicate when events happen in relation to each other, whether you’re describing past experiences, present situations, or future plans. Each time clause serves a unique purpose, giving you the flexibility to express temporal relationships with accuracy and style.