The Spanish imperfect subjunctive (el imperfecto de subjuntivo) is a verb form that exists in two linguistic worlds: imperfect, meaning it deals with past or ongoing states, and subjunctive, meaning it expresses subjectivity, uncertainty, or hypotheticals. Unlike English, which often uses simple past tense for hypotheticals (“If I were rich…”), Spanish maintains this special form. The Spanish imperfect subjunctive appears in the dependent clause of complex sentences, often paired with conditional or indicative verbs in the main clause, as in “Si tuviera dinero, viajaría a España” (If I had money, I would travel to Spain).
Formation
To form the imperfect subjunctive:
- Start with the third person plural (ellos) of the preterite tense
- Remove -ron
- Add new endings: -ra/-se
Examples:
Regular Verb: hablar
- Preterite ellos: hablaron
- Remove -ron: habla-
- Add endings:
- yo: hablara/hablase
- tú: hablaras/hablases
- él/ella/usted: hablara/hablase
- nosotros: habláramos/hablásemos
- vosotros: hablarais/hablaseis
- ellos/ellas/ustedes: hablaran/hablasen
Common Irregular Verbs
- ser/ir (fueron) → fuera/fuese
- estar (estuvieron) → estuviera/estuviese
- hacer (hicieron) → hiciera/hiciese
- tener (tuvieron) → tuviera/tuviese
- poder (pudieron) → pudiera/pudiese
When to Use It
1. Hypothetical Situations
- “Si fuera rico, viajaría por el mundo.” (If I were rich, I would travel the world)
- “Si pudiera volar, visitaría todas las ciudades.” (If I could fly, I would visit all cities)
- “Si tuviera un barco, navegaría por el Caribe.” (If I had a boat, I would sail the Caribbean)
2. Expressing Wishes
- “Ojalá estuviera aquí.” (I wish they were here)
- “Quisiera que nevara.” (I wish it would snow)
- “Ojalá tuviera más tiempo.” (I wish I had more time)
3. Polite Requests
- “Quisiera un café, por favor.” (I would like a coffee, please)
- “¿Pudiera ayudarme?” (Could you help me?)
- “Deseara hablar con el gerente.” (I would like to speak with the manager)
4. If-Clauses
- “Si tuviera tiempo, estudiaría más.” (If I had time, I would study more)
- “Si lloviera, no iríamos a la playa.” (If it rained, we wouldn’t go to the beach)
- “Si ganara la lotería, compraría una casa.” (If I won the lottery, I would buy a house)
Common Triggers
These expressions typically trigger the Spanish imperfect subjunctive:
- Quería que… (I wanted that…)
- Como si… (As if…)
- En caso de que… (In case that…)
- Antes de que… (Before…)
- Aunque… (Although…)
Real-World Examples
In Conversations
- “Me gustaría que vinieras a mi fiesta.” (I would like you to come to my party)
- “Esperaba que me llamaras.” (I was hoping you would call me)
In Business
- “Sería mejor si enviara el informe hoy.” (It would be better if you sent the report today)
- “En caso de que hubiera algún problema.” (In case there were any problems)
Conclusion
The Spanish imperfect subjunctive is a powerful tool that allows you to express complex ideas about past events that didn’t happen or could have happened differently. While it may seem challenging at first, its structure is quite regular: just combine the imperfect subjunctive of “haber” with a past participle. Whether you’re expressing regrets, hypothetical situations, or complex emotions about past events, mastering this tense will significantly enhance your ability to communicate sophisticated ideas in Spanish. Remember that like many aspects of language learning, the key to understanding the Spanish Past Perfect Subjunctive lies in recognizing its patterns and common triggers.